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July
2022
- Volume 16, Issue 2
Smoking
causes a low-grade systemic inflammation in the human body
Mehmet
Rami Helvaci (1)
Semih Salaz (2)
Engin Altintas (1)
Atilla Yalcin (1)
Abdulrazak Abyad (3)
Lesley Pocock (4)
(1) Specialist of Internal Medicine, MD
(2) Ministry of Health of Turkey, MD
(3) Middle-East Academy for Medicine of Aging, MD
(4) Medi-WORLD International
Corresponding Author:
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, M.D.
07400, ALANYA, Turkey
Phone: 00-90-506-4708759
Email: mramihelvaci@hotmail.com
Received: May 2022; Accepted: June
2022; Published: July 2022
Citation: Helvaci M R et al. Smoking causes a low-grade systemic
inflammation in human body. Middle East Journal of Nursing
2022; 16(2): 16-22 DOI: 10.5742/MEJN2021.9378023
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ABSTRACT
Background:
There may be some positive and negative acute phase reactants
(APR) indicating the possible inflammatory effects of smoking
on vascular endothelium all over the body.
Method: Consecutive daily
smokers at least for a period of six months and age and sex-matched
non-smokers were taken into the study. Cases with regular
alcohol consumption (one drink a day) and patients with inflammatory,
infectious, or devastating disorders including eating disorders,
malignancies, acute or chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, hyper- or hypothyroidism, or
heart failure were excluded.
Results: The study included
150 smokers (99 males) and 162 non-smokers. Interestingly,
the mean age of the smokers was 45.9 years, and 66.0% of them
were male. Although the mean weight, body mass index, systolic
and diastolic blood pressures, and hematocrit values were
similar in both groups, triglycerides (163.3 versus 151.8
mg/dL, p<0.05), low density lipoproteins (LDL) (126.1 versus
117.4 mg/dL, p<0.05), erythrocyte sedimentationrate (ESR)
(10.8 versus 9.4 mm/h, p<0.05), and C-reactive protein
(CRP) (2.5 versus 2.1 mg/L, p<0.05) values were all higher
in the smokers, significantly. On the other hand, high density
lipoproteins (HDL) (41.1 versus 44.0 mg/dL, p<0.05) and
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (101.9 versus 111.9 mg/dL, p<0.01)
values were lower in the smokers, significantly.
Conclusion: Smoking causes a low-grade systemic inflammation
on vascular endothelium terminating with an accelerated atherosclerosis-induced
end-organ insufficiencies in the body. Plasma triglycerides,
LDL, ESR, and CRP may be positive whereas HDL and FPG negative
APR indicating the inflammatory effects of smoking in the
human body
.Key words: Smoking, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins,
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, high density
lipoproteins, fasting plasma glucose
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