| July
2022
- Volume 16, Issue 2
Positive
and negative acute phase reactants in smokers
Mehmet
Rami Helvaci (1)
Engin Altintas (1)
Atilla Yalcin (1)
Orhan Ekrem Muftuoglu (1)
Abdulrazak Abyad (2)
Lesley Pocock (3)
(1) Specialist of Internal Medicine,
MD
(2) Middle-East Academy for Medicine of Aging, MD
(3) medi-WORLD International
Corresponding Author:
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, M.D.
07400, ALANYA, Turkey
Phone: 00-90-506-4708759
Email: mramihelvaci@hotmail.com
Received: May 2022; Accepted: June
2022; Published: July 2022
Citation: Helvaci M R et al. Positive and negative acute phase
reactants in smokers. Middle East Journal of Nursing 2022;
16(2): 42 - 48. DOI: 10.5742/MEJN2021.9378026
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ABSTRACT
Background:
We tried to understand whether or not there are some positive
and negative acute phase reactants (APR) indicating the possible
inflammatory effects of smoking on vascular endothelium.
Method: Consecutive daily
smokers at least with a history of one pack-year and age and
sex-matched non-smokers were taken into the study. Cases with
regular alcohol consumption (one drink a day) and patients
with inflammatory, infectious, or devastating disorders, or
heart failure were excluded.
Results: The study included
247 smokers (173 males) and 167 non-smokers. Interestingly,
the mean age of the smokers was 46.2 years, and 70.0% of them
were males. Although the mean body weight, body mass index,
systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and hematocrit values
were similar in both groups, plasma triglycerides (163.1 versus
151.3 mg/dL, p<0.05), low density lipoproteins (LDL) (123.8
versus 117.5 mg/dL, p<0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR) (10.6 versus 9.3 mm/h, p<0.05), and C-reactive
protein (CRP) (2.3 versus 2.0 mg/L, p<0.05) values were
all higher in the smokers, significantly. On the other hand,
high density lipoproteins (HDL) (40.9 versus 44.0 mg/dL, p<0.05)
and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (102.3 versus 111.6 mg/dL,
p= 0.007) values and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (8.9%
versus 14.3%, p<0.05) were all lower in the smokers, significantly.
Conclusion: Smoking may cause
a low-grade systemic inflammation on vascular endothelium
terminating with an accelerated atherosclerotic process-induced
end-organ insufficiencies all over the body. Plasma triglycerides,
LDL, ESR, and CRP may be positive whereas HDL and FPG may
be negative APR indicating such inflammatory effects in the
body.
Key words: Smoking, triglycerides,
low density lipoproteins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
C-reactive protein, high density lipoproteins, fasting plasma
glucose
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